论文标题

通过多模式AI和卫星图像预测空气质量

Predicting air quality via multimodal AI and satellite imagery

论文作者

Rowley, Andrew, Karakuş, Oktay

论文摘要

气候变化可能被归类为地球当前面临的最重要的环境问题,并影响地球上的所有生物。鉴于空气质量监测站通常是基于地面的检测污染物分布的能力,通常仅限于广泛的区域。但是,卫星有可能研究大气的潜力。欧洲航天局(ESA)哥白尼项目卫星“ Sentinel-5p”是一款新推出的卫星,能够通过公开可用的数据输出来测量各种污染物信息。本文旨在创建一个多模式的机器学习模型,以预测不存在监视站的空气质量指标。该模型的输入将包括地面测量和卫星数据的融合,目的是突出污染物分布并激发社会和工业行为的变化。从ESA Copernicus项目中创建了一个新的欧洲污染监测站测量数据集,其中包括$ \ textit {高度,人口等} $。该数据集用于训练多模式ML模型,空气质量网络(AQNET),能够融合这些各种数据源以输出各种污染物的预测。然后将这些预测汇总为创建一个“空气质量指数”,该指数可用于比较不同地区的空气质量。 AQnet成功预测了三种污染物,没有$ _2 $,o $ _3 $和PM $ _ {10} $,与仅使用卫星图像的模型相比,该网络被发现很有用。还发现,添加支持数据可以改善预测。在英国和爱尔兰的样本外数据测试开发的AQNET时,我们获得令人满意的估计值,尽管平均污染指标大约被大约高估了20 \%。

Climate change may be classified as the most important environmental problem that the Earth is currently facing, and affects all living species on Earth. Given that air-quality monitoring stations are typically ground-based their abilities to detect pollutant distributions are often restricted to wide areas. Satellites however have the potential for studying the atmosphere at large; the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus project satellite, "Sentinel-5P" is a newly launched satellite capable of measuring a variety of pollutant information with publicly available data outputs. This paper seeks to create a multi-modal machine learning model for predicting air-quality metrics where monitoring stations do not exist. The inputs of this model will include a fusion of ground measurements and satellite data with the goal of highlighting pollutant distribution and motivating change in societal and industrial behaviors. A new dataset of European pollution monitoring station measurements is created with features including $\textit{altitude, population, etc.}$ from the ESA Copernicus project. This dataset is used to train a multi-modal ML model, Air Quality Network (AQNet) capable of fusing these various types of data sources to output predictions of various pollutants. These predictions are then aggregated to create an "air-quality index" that could be used to compare air quality over different regions. Three pollutants, NO$_2$, O$_3$, and PM$_{10}$, are predicted successfully by AQNet and the network was found to be useful compared to a model only using satellite imagery. It was also found that the addition of supporting data improves predictions. When testing the developed AQNet on out-of-sample data of the UK and Ireland, we obtain satisfactory estimates though on average pollution metrics were roughly overestimated by around 20\%.

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