论文标题

索非亚大规模(SOMA)星星形成调查。 iv。孤立的质子

The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. IV. Isolated Protostars

论文作者

Fedriani, Ruben, Tan, Jonathan C., Telkamp, Zoie, Zhang, Yichen, Yang, Yao-Lun, Liu, Mengyao, Law, Chi-Yan, Beltran, Maria T., Rosero, Viviana, Tanaka, Kei E. I., Cosentino, Giuliana, Gorai, Prasanta, Farias, Juan, Staff, Jan E., De Buizer, James M., Whitney, Barbara

论文摘要

我们提出$ \ sim10-40 \,μ$ m m sofia forcast图像,这些图像是11个孤立的质子,作为Sofia Massive(SOMA)星形组的一部分,此形态学分类基于37 $ $ m $ m的成像。我们开发了一种自动化方法,使用其背景封闭的通量的梯度来定义源孔径大小,并将其应用于构建光谱能量分布(SED)。我们将SED与辐射转移模型拟合,这些模型在湍流核心积聚(TCA)理论的框架内开发,以估计关键的原质特性。在这里,我们发布了执行这些方法的Sedcreator Python软件包。 SED通常由TCA型号很好地安装,从中,我们从中推断出初始核心质量$ M_C $从$ 20-430 \:m_ \ odot $,团块质量表面密度$σ_ {\ rm cl} \ rm cl} \ sim0.3-1.7 \: $ m _*\ sim3-50 \:m_ \ odot $。从迄今为止对整个SOMA调查中的40个来源的统一分析中,我们发现在各种团块质量表面密度环境中形成了巨大的质体,对预测最小阈值$σ_{\ rm cl} $的理论构成了约束。但是,$ m _* - σ_ {\ rm cl} $分布的上端遵循内部Protostellar反馈模型所预测的趋势,这些模型在更高的$σ_ {\ rm cl} $条件下找到了更大的星形形成效率。我们还通过与IRAS数据进行比较研究了ProtoStellar Far-Ir的可变性,发现$ \ sim $ 40年的基线没有显着差异。

We present $\sim10-40\,μ$m SOFIA-FORCAST images of 11 isolated protostars as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey, with this morphological classification based on 37 $μ$m imaging. We develop an automated method to define source aperture size using the gradient of its background-subtracted enclosed flux and apply this to build spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We fit the SEDs with radiative transfer models, developed within the framework of turbulent core accretion (TCA) theory, to estimate key protostellar properties. Here, we release the sedcreator python package that carries out these methods. The SEDs are generally well fitted by the TCA models, from which we infer initial core masses $M_c$ ranging from $20-430\:M_\odot$, clump mass surface densities $Σ_{\rm cl}\sim0.3-1.7\:{\rm{g\:cm}}^{-2}$ and current protostellar masses $m_*\sim3-50\:M_\odot$. From a uniform analysis of the 40 sources in the full SOMA survey to date, we find that massive protostars form across a wide range of clump mass surface density environments, placing constraints on theories that predict a minimum threshold $Σ_{\rm cl}$ for massive star formation. However, the upper end of the $m_*-Σ_{\rm cl}$ distribution follows trends predicted by models of internal protostellar feedback that find greater star formation efficiency in higher $Σ_{\rm cl}$ conditions. We also investigate protostellar far-IR variability by comparison with IRAS data, finding no significant variation over an $\sim$40 year baseline.

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