论文标题
GW190521：由于黑洞的刺激鹰辐射而搜索回声
GW190521: Search for Echoes due to Stimulated Hawking Radiation from Black Holes
论文作者
论文摘要
可以说是迄今为止观察到的最庞大的二进制黑洞合并事件，GW190521值得特别关注。此合并的异常大声的响声使其成为寻找引力波回声的理想候选者，这是一种用于黑洞地平线量子结构的拟议的吸烟枪。我们通过两个完善的独立管道进行了前所未有的多管齐下搜索：基于模板的搜索霍金辐射的刺激发射，或者Boltzmann Echoes，以及模型 - 不合时宜的相干波爆（CWB）搜索。预计合并的刺激鹰辐射将导致合并后的回声频率为$ \ sim50 $ hz（对于四极引力辐射），以$ \ sim1 $ second的间隔重复，由于planckian量子量的部分反射量，即planckian量子。使用动态嵌套采样的仔细分析产生了$ 8^{+4} _ { - 2} $（90 \％置信度）的贝叶斯证据，在GW190521之后，该信号的贝叶斯证据（90 \％的置信度），均超过$ 6^{+10} _ {+10} _ { - 5} \％$ in Praveritation Bove-Bovity（相对于重力波动量）（相对于重力波动量一致）回声）。通过使用一般相对论（加上Boltzmann Echoes）在实际数据中注射的“ look-elsewhere”效果是在事件中估计的，给出了$ 1.5^{+1.5^{+1.2} _ { - 0.9} _ { - 0.9}} \％$（$ 35 \％$ $ 35 \ pm7 \ pm7 \％\％\％$）的较高贝叶斯因子的错误（真实）正检测概率。同样，CWB中第一个回声的重建波形的能量超过$ 13^{+16} _ { - 7} \％$。虽然当前的刺激鹰辐射的证据未达到$5σ$（或p值$ <3 \ times10^{ - 7} $）的黄金标准，但我们的发现与当前检测器敏感性时刺激鹰辐射的期望一致。因此，下一代的引力波观测值可以得出关于黑洞地平线的量子性质的明确结论。
Being arguably the most massive binary black hole merger event observed to date, GW190521 deserves special attention. The exceptionally loud ringdown of this merger makes it an ideal candidate to search for gravitational wave echoes, a proposed smoking gun for the quantum structure of black hole horizons. We perform an unprecedented multi-pronged search for echoes via two well-established and independent pipelines: a template-based search for stimulated emission of Hawking radiation, or Boltzmann echoes, and the model-agnostic coherent WaveBurst (cWB) search. Stimulated Hawking radiation from the merger is expected to lead to post-merger echoes at horizon mode frequency of $\sim50$ Hz (for quadrupolar gravitational radiation), repeating at intervals of $\sim1$ second, due to partial reflection off Planckian quantum structure of the horizon. A careful analysis using dynamic nested sampling yields a Bayesian evidence of $8^{+4}_{-2}$ (90\% confidence level) for this signal following GW190521, carrying an excess of $6^{+10}_{-5}\%$ in gravitational wave energy, relative to the main event (consistent with the predicted amplitude of Boltzmann echoes). The "look-elsewhere" effect is estimated by using General Relativity (plus Boltzmann echoes) injections in real data, around the event, giving a false (true) positive detection probability for higher Bayes factors of $1.5^{+1.2}_{-0.9}\%$ ($35\pm7\%$). Similarly, the reconstructed waveform of the first echo in cWB carries an energy excess of $13^{+16}_{-7}\%$. While the current evidence for stimulated Hawking radiation does not reach the gold standard of $5σ$ (or p-value $<3\times10^{-7}$), our findings are in line with expectations for stimulated Hawking radiation at current detector sensitivities. The next generation of gravitational wave observatories can thus draw a definitive conclusion on the quantum nature of black hole horizons.
