论文标题
ACED:可扩展数据可用性Oracle
ACeD: Scalable Data Availability Oracle
论文作者
论文摘要
实践中一种流行的方法通过仅依靠将离链数据的哈希进行放置到区块链中,从而将分块链中的计算和存储存储在区块链中。这种机制被认为容易受到停滞攻击的攻击:在任何诚实节点上,与所承诺的哈希相对应的块可能都不可用。将所有块广播到整个网络避开此数据可用性攻击的直接解决方案,但它是不可扩展的。在本文中,我们提出了$ O(1)$通信效率的Aced,这是对此数据可用性问题的可扩展解决方案,这是我们最大程度地了解的。 关键创新是一个新协议,它要求$ n $节点中的每一个仅接收块的$ o(1/n)$,以便保证数据可以在网络中以分布式方式使用。我们的解决方案创造性地整合了默克尔树承诺内部的编码理论设计,以确保有效和防篡改的重建;该解决方案不同于异步可验证的信息分散(保证有效的畸形编码证明)和编码的默克尔树(仅提供随机腐败的保证,而不是我们保证我们对最严重的腐败的保证)。我们在6000行的生锈代码中实现了全部功能,通过高性能实现将功能作为智能合约将功能集成到以太坊中,该功能在吞吐量中表明每秒多达10,000笔交易,而以太坊Testnet Kovan上的气体成本降低了6000倍。
A popular method in practice offloads computation and storage in blockchains by relying on committing only hashes of off-chain data into the blockchain. This mechanism is acknowledged to be vulnerable to a stalling attack: the blocks corresponding to the committed hashes may be unavailable at any honest node. The straightforward solution of broadcasting all blocks to the entire network sidesteps this data availability attack, but it is not scalable. In this paper, we propose ACeD, a scalable solution to this data availability problem with $O(1)$ communication efficiency, the first to the best of our knowledge. The key innovation is a new protocol that requires each of the $N$ nodes to receive only $O(1/N)$ of the block, such that the data is guaranteed to be available in a distributed manner in the network. Our solution creatively integrates coding-theoretic designs inside of Merkle tree commitments to guarantee efficient and tamper-proof reconstruction; this solution is distinct from Asynchronous Verifiable Information Dispersal (in guaranteeing efficient proofs of malformed coding) and Coded Merkle Tree (which only provides guarantees for random corruption as opposed to our guarantees for worst-case corruption). We implement ACeD with full functionality in 6000 lines of Rust code, integrate the functionality as a smart contract into Ethereum via a high-performance implementation demonstrating up to 10,000 transactions per second in throughput and 6000x reduction in gas cost on the Ethereum testnet Kovan.