论文标题
科学革命的网络结构
The network structure of scientific revolutions
论文作者
论文摘要
长期以来，科学哲学家已经假设了集体科学知识的发展方式。由于收集和系统化大型历史记录的局限性，经验验证一直在挑战。在这里，我们利用了最大的在线百科全书，以制定知识作为不断增长的文章网络及其超链接的相互关系。我们证明，概念网络不是通过从其核心扩展而发展而增长的，而是通过创建和填补知识差距，这一过程比其他人更经常获得诺贝尔奖。此外，我们将范式运行为网络模块，以揭示科学受试者的结构稳定性的时间签名。在科学发现的网络制定中，数据驱动的条件是突破的基础条件，同样取决于识别未知差距，而不是在科学社区中推进解决方案。
Philosophers of science have long postulated how collective scientific knowledge grows. Empirical validation has been challenging due to limitations in collecting and systematizing large historical records. Here, we capitalize on the largest online encyclopedia to formulate knowledge as growing networks of articles and their hyperlinked inter-relations. We demonstrate that concept networks grow not by expanding from their core but rather by creating and filling knowledge gaps, a process which produces discoveries that are more frequently awarded Nobel prizes than others. Moreover, we operationalize paradigms as network modules to reveal a temporal signature in structural stability across scientific subjects. In a network formulation of scientific discovery, data-driven conditions underlying breakthroughs depend just as much on identifying uncharted gaps as on advancing solutions within scientific communities.
