论文标题

磁共振成像序列Bloch方程模拟的初学者指南

A Beginner's Guide to Bloch Equation Simulations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences

论文作者

Lauzon, ML

论文摘要

核磁共振(NMR)概念植根于量子力学,但是MR成像原理得到了很好的描述,并且更容易使用经典的思想和形式主义(例如Larmor prepession和现象学Bloch方程)抓住。许多教科书都提供了各种概念的深入描述和推导。尽管如此,对信号演化进行数值Bloch方程模拟,通常可以补充并丰富自己的理解。尽管起初可能看起来很吓人,但执行这些模拟在每个成像仪的领域内。本文的主要目的是为新手MR用户提供必要的基本概念,算法和计算工具,以自信地编写自己的模拟器。首先提供了理想化的MR成像过程,其概念和脉冲序列图的简短背景。此后,提出了两个BLOCH方程模拟的策略,第一个没有射频(RF)脉冲,也是应用RF脉冲的第二个。对于第一个制度,给出了分析解决方案,而对于第二个制度,给出了计算有效但经常被忽略的Rodrigues旋转公式的概述。最后,给出并讨论了各种感兴趣的模拟条件和示例代码片段,以帮助证明MR模拟的直接和轻松性能。

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) concepts are rooted in quantum mechanics, but MR imaging principles are well described and more easily grasped using classical ideas and formalisms such as Larmor precession and the phenomenological Bloch equations. Many textbooks provide in-depth descriptions and derivations of the various concepts. Still, carrying out numerical Bloch equation simulations of the signal evolution can oftentimes supplement and enrich one's understanding. And though it may appear intimidating at first, performing these simulations is within the realm of every imager. The primary objective herein is to provide novice MR users with the necessary and basic conceptual, algorithmic and computational tools to confidently write their own simulator. A brief background of the idealized MR imaging process, its concepts and the pulse sequence diagram are first provided. Thereafter, two regimes of Bloch equation simulations are presented, the first which has no radio frequency (RF) pulses, and the second in which RF pulses are applied. For the first regime, analytical solutions are given, whereas for the second regime, an overview of the computationally efficient, but often overlooked, Rodrigues' rotation formula is given. Lastly, various simulation conditions of interest and example code snippets are given and discussed to help demonstrate how straightforward and easy performing MR simulations can be.

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