论文标题
计算比例否决核心
Computing the proportional veto core
论文作者
论文摘要
在社会选择中,经常会出现多数原则之间的冲突(寻找尽可能多的选民的候选人和保护少数群体权利(选择对特定个人或团体不利的候选人)的冲突。在后者是我们主要关注的情况下,基于否决权的规则(使个人或团体能够从名单中撤出某些候选人的能力)是一种自然而有效的方法,以确保没有少数派的结果使他们感到站不住脚。但是,此类规则通常无法匿名,或者对选民和候选人的数量施加特定的限制。可以通过考虑比例否决核心来解决这些问题,这是合作游戏的解决方案,在该游戏中,每个联盟都有权力否决许多与其规模成正比的候选人。但是,否决核心的天真算法是指数级,并且从核心中选择的唯一已知规则,具有任意数量的选民,失败了。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于计算核心,研究其预期大小的多项式时间算法,并提出了从中选择候选者的匿名规则。我们研究核心持续投票规则的特性。最后,我们表明悲观主义者可以在多项式时间内操纵核心,而乐观主义者根本无法操纵它。
In social choice there often arises a conflict between the majority principle (the search for a candidate that is as good as possible for as many voters as possible), and the protection of minority rights (choosing a candidate that is not overly bad for particular individuals or groups). In a context where the latter is our main concern, veto-based rules -- giving individuals or groups the ability to strike off certain candidates from the list -- are a natural and effective way of ensuring that no minority is left with an outcome they find untenable. However, such rules often fail to be anonymous, or impose specific restrictions on the number of voters and candidates. These issues can be addressed by considering the proportional veto core -- the solution to a cooperative game where every coalition is given the power to veto a number of candidates proportional to its size. However, the naïve algorithm for the veto core is exponential, and the only known rule for selecting from the core, with an arbitrary number of voters, fails anonymity. In this paper we present a polynomial time algorithm for computing the core, study its expected size, and present an anonymous rule for selecting a candidate from it. We study the properties of core-consistent voting rules. Finally, we show that a pessimist can manipulate the core in polynomial time, while an optimist cannot manipulate it at all.