论文标题
(非)上下文性在贝尔定理中的作用从操作建模框架的角度来看
The role of (non)contextuality in Bell's theorems from the perspective of an operational modeling framework
论文作者
论文摘要
提出了一种分析量子力学的“经典”替代方法来解释EPRB样实验的统计结果的新方法。这种观点是自上而下的,而不是自下而上的。构建了模型类型的层次结构,而不是从不等式推导开始,每种都以适当的参数化条件概率来区分。该层次结构从复制QM统计信息的能力方面对“经典”模型类型进行排名。该分析超出了对模型类型的通常考虑,这些模型类型(即满足所有CHSH不平等)的模型类型超出了“过度”(即,不仅违反CHSH,甚至超过Tsirelson绑定)的模型类型。这种方法清楚地表明,非上下文性是操作模型中最一般的属性,它阻止了至少某些QM统计预测的复制。自然而然地发现因素化是一种非上下文性的特殊情况。远程上下文独立性和结果决定论(RCI+OD)的结合也是如此。正是非上下文性决定了满足CHSH不平等现象的“经典”模型实例与那些不平等的模型实例之间的分界线。结果确定性的操作模型是所有其余的“构建模型”,包括量子机械,非上下文和上下文。一组非上下文模型实例正是所有16个RCI+OD模型实例的凸壳,此外,所有模型实例(包括所有QM)的集合等于256 OD模型实例的凸壳。结果表明,在一个温和的假设下,OD模型实例有限合奏的凸面构建(在数学上)等同于传统的隐藏变量方法。图和数字提供了许多结果的视觉肯定。
A novel approach for analyzing "classical" alternatives to quantum mechanics for explaining the statistical results of an EPRB-like experiment is proposed. This perspective is top-down instead of bottom-up. Rather than beginning with an inequality derivation, a hierarchy of model types is constructed, each distinguished by appropriately parameterized conditional probabilities. This hierarchy ranks the "classical" model types in terms of their ability to reproduce QM statistics or not. The analysis goes beyond the usual consideration of model types that "fall short" (i.e., satisfy all of the CHSH inequalities) to ones that are "excessive" (i.e., not only violate CHSH but even exceed a Tsirelson bound). This approach clearly shows that noncontextuality is the most general property of an operational model that blocks replication of at least some QM statistical predictions. Factorizability is naturally revealed to be a special case of noncontextuality. The same is true for the combination of remote context independence and outcome determinism (RCI+OD). It is noncontextuality that determines the dividing line between "classical" model instances that satisfy the CHSH inequalities and those that don't. Outcome deterministic operational models are revealed to be the "building blocks" of all the rest, including quantum mechanical, noncontextual, and contextual ones. The set of noncontextual model instances is exactly the convex hull of all 16 RCI+OD model instances, and furthermore, the set of all model instances, including all QM ones, is equal to the convex hull of the 256 OD model instances. It is shown that, under a mild assumption, the construction of convex hulls of finite ensembles of OD model instances is (mathematically) equivalent to the traditional hidden variables approach. Plots and figures provide visual affirmation of many of the results.